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On June 30, 1948, AT&T Bell Labs unveiled the transitor to the world, creating a spark of explosive economic growth that would lead into the Information Age. William Shockley led a team of researchers, including Walter Brattain and John Bardeen, who invented the device. Like the existing triode vacuum tube device, the transistor could amplify signals and switch currents on and off, but the transistor was smaller, cheaper, and more efficient. Moreover, it could be integrated with millions of other transistors onto a single chip, creating the integrated circuit at the heart of modern computers.

Today, most transistors are being manufactured with a minimum feature size of 60-90nm--roughly 200-300 atoms. As the push continues to make devices even smaller, researchers must account for quantum mechanical effects in the device behavior. With fewer and fewer atoms, the positions of impurities and other irregularities begin to matter, and device reliability becomes an issue. So rather than shrink existing devices, many researchers are working on entirely new devices, based on carbon nanotubes, spintronics, molecular conduction, and other nanotechnologies.

Learn more about transistors from the many resources on this site, listed below. Use our simulation tools to simulate performance characteristics for your own devices.

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  1. Optical BioMEMS Microfluidic Technologies for Hand-Held, Point-of-Care, Medical Devices

    23 Nov 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): James Leary

    Portable, point-of-care, medical diagnostic devices could provide an important new component in more cost-effective healthcare delivery. Rapid measurements of blood samples during an examination...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7873

  2. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 20: P-N Diode in Reverse Bias

    18 Nov 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    Recap diode (forward, zero, reverse) bias diagrams. Recap some of the equations. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7690

  3. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 19: Current Flow in P-N Diode

    28 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    Last time, we talked about unbiased p-n junction. Today: biased (Vext ≠ 0) p-n junction & current flow University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7677

  4. Lecture 6: 3D Nets in a 3D World: Bulk Heterostructure Solar Cells

    27 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Muhammad A. Alam

    Outline: Introduction: 

definitions
 and
 review
 Reaction
 diffusion
 in 
fractal 
volumes Carrier
 transport
 in 
BH
 solar 
cells All
 phase
 transitions...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7174

  5. Lecture 5: 2D Nets in a 3D World: Basics of Nanobiosensors and Fractal Antennae

    27 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Muhammad A. Alam

    Outline: Background:
 A
 different
 type
 of
 transport
 problem
 Example:
 Classical
 biosensors Fractal 
dimension
 and
 cantor
 transform Example:
 fractal...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7173

  6. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 18: P-N Diode Electrostatics

    22 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    Last time, we talked about p-n junction built-in voltage V¬0. Today: more about p-n electrostatics. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7612

  7. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 16-17: Diffusion

    22 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    So far: • Energy bands, Doping, Fermi levels • Drift (~n*v), diffusion (~dn/dx) • Einstein relationship (D/μ = kT/q) • “Boring” semiconductor resistors (either n- or...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7605

  8. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 14-15: Diffusion with Recombination

    08 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    • Diffusion with recombination • The diffusion length (distance until they recombine) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7553

  9. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 13: Diffusion

    02 Oct 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    ECE 440: Lecture 13 Diffusion Current University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7502

  10. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 12: Quasi-Fermi Levels; Photoconductivity

    0.0 out of 5 stars 

    30 Sep 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/6104

  11. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lecture 10-11: Optical Absorption and Direct Recombination

    30 Sep 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ECE 440: Solid State Electronic Devices

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7483

  12. Illinois ECE 440 Solid State Electronic Devices, Lectures 8 and 9: Drift Mobility

    0.0 out of 5 stars 

    30 Sep 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Eric Pop

    Carrier Mobility and Drift ECE 440: Lectures 8-9 Carrier Mobility and Drift Let’s recap the 5-6 major concepts so far: Memorize a few things, but recognize many. (why? semiconductors...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/6094

  13. Lecture 5: NEGF Simulation of Graphene Nanodevices

    23 Sep 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Supriyo Datta

    Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Intel Foundation

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7422

  14. 2009 NCN@Purdue Summer School: Electronics from the Bottom Up

    22 Sep 2009 | Workshops | Contributor(s): Supriyo Datta, Mark Lundstrom, Muhammad A. Alam, Joerg Appenzeller

    The school will consist of two lectures in the morning on the Nanostructured Electronic Devices: Percolation and Reliability and an afternoon lecture on Graphene Physics and Devices. A hands on...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7113

  15. Colloquium on Graphene Physics and Devices

    22 Sep 2009 | Courses | Contributor(s): Joerg Appenzeller, Supriyo Datta, Mark Lundstrom

    This short course introduces students to graphene as a fascinating research topic as well as to develop their skill in problem solving using the tools and techniques of electronics from the bottom up.

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7180

  16. Lecture 1: Percolation and Reliability of Electronic Devices

    17 Sep 2009 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Muhammad A. Alam

    Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Intel Foundation

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7169

  17. Nanostructured Electronic Devices: Percolation and Reliability

    17 Sep 2009 | Courses | Contributor(s): Muhammad A. Alam

    In this series of lectures introduces a simple theoretical framework for treating randomness and variability in emerging nanostructured electronic devices for wide ranging applications – all...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7168

  18. Katie M Smith

    http://nanohub.org/members/38245

  19. Self-Heating Effects in Nano-Scale Devices. What do we know so far ...

    10 Aug 2009 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Dragica Vasileska, Stephen M. Goodnick

    This presentation contains the research findings related to self-heating effects in nano-scale devices in silicon on insulator devices obtained at Arizona State University. Different device...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7208

  20. From Semi-Classical to Quantum Transport Modeling

    10 Aug 2009 | Series | Contributor(s): Dragica Vasileska

    This set of powerpoint slides series provides insight on what are the tools available for modeling devices that behave either classically or quantum-mechanically. An in-depth description is...

    http://nanohub.org/resources/7221